![]() It is the natural hybrid (2n = 6x = 72) from M. is an aromatic perennial herb, producing creeping stolons and belongs to family Lamiaceae. Peppermint, botanically known as Mentha piperita L. Tewari, in Handbook of Herbs and Spices, Vol28.2.1 Botanical description However, they reduce respiratory capacity, thus causing the death when fish are subjected to higher doses ( Malheiros et al., 2016). Most of these changes in gill tissue consist in adaptive strategies against irritating substances, thus serving as a barrier against its entry into the blood stream. At the highest dose (160 mg L − 1) there was also necrosis in the gills. gigas) was 40 mg L − 1, with gill histopathological alterations (epithelial elevations, secondary lamella fusion, hypertrophy, and aneurism) occurring at the dose of 80 mg L − 1 and above. In another study, the 4 h LC50 of essential oil from M. piperita at 160 and 320 mg L − 1 showed behavioral abnormalities, such as agitation, anoxia, intense swimming, and tipping over, with no records about mortality because these fish were immediately removed from the bath ( Hashimoto et al., 2016). Regarding toxicity effects, Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to essential oil from M. Pure menthol crystals are even used in fish parasitology studies to promote the release of parasites from the host and thus collect them without damaging their fixation structures ( Ahmad et al., 2018). Menthol is a terpene alcohol widely known for its anesthetic properties and the observed effectiveness may be because it produces relaxation and detachment of the parasite from the host. In both studies, the major active compound of peppermint essential oil was menthol (27.5% and 30.5%, respectively). gigas parasitized by the monogenean Dawestrema cycloancistrium, the same concentration of 40 mg L − 1 was applied, however, in a single bath of 30 min, and in this way the effectiveness was reduced to only 16% ( Malheiros et al., 2016). and Scutogyrus longicornis in the gills, treated with 40 mg L − 1 of essential oil for 10 min, for 3 consecutive days, was 42% effective ( Hashimoto et al., 2016). In Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus parasitized with Cichlidogyrus spp. These properties are strongly related to the effects of the main active component, menthol, which has great industrial and pharmacological importance ( Sell, 2007). Its pharmacological properties include anesthetic, antimicrobial, antifungal, antihelmintic, and antioxidant activities ( Hashimoto et al., 2016). Peppermint leaves are used worldwide, especially in western and middle eastern countries, in the forms of infusions, tinctures, teas, extracts, and essential oil. Mentha piperita is a hybrid herbaceous plant, originally from the crossing between spearmint ( Mentha spicata) and water mint ( Mentha aquatica). ![]() Mouriño, in Aquaculture Pharmacology, 2021 4.12.1.10 Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae): Peppermint
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